MitoList
Comprehensive reference for mitochondria research
| Compound | Function | Delivery | Dose | Timing | Frequency | Duration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Popular Mitochondrial Supplements | ||||||
| NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide) | Enhances NAD+ biosynthesis and improves mitochondrial efficiency for ATP production | Oral | 250-500 mg/day | Morning or before exercise | 1-2 times/day | 4-12 weeks |
| Nicotinamide Riboside | Increases NAD+ levels and activates mitochondrial generation in skeletal muscle and fat tissue | Oral | 250-500 mg/day | Morning or before exercise | 1-2 times/day | 4-12 weeks |
| Niacinamide (Nicotinamide) | Forms a major component of vitamin B3 and supports mitochondrial function | Oral | 500-1000 mg/day | Morning or before exercise | 1-2 times/day | 4-12 weeks |
| CoQ10 (Coenzyme Q10) | Supports electron transport chain performance and maintains mitochondrial membrane potential | Oral | 100-300 mg/day | With meals | 1-2 times/day | 4-12 weeks |
| PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone) | Supports mitochondrial biogenesis and increases mitochondrial number significantly | Oral | 10-20 mg/day | Morning | 1 time/day | 4-12 weeks |
| Alpha-Lipoic Acid | Acts as both fat and water-soluble antioxidant and enzymatic cofactor | Oral | 300-600 mg/day | With meals | 1-2 times/day | 4-12 weeks |
| Resveratrol | Increases AMPK and PGC-1α activity, promoting mitochondrial biogenesis | Oral | 100-500 mg/day | Morning | 1 time/day | 4-12 weeks |
| Curcumin | Reduces inflammation and oxidative stress while protecting mitochondrial membranes | Oral | 500-1000 mg/day | With meals | 1-2 times/day | 4-12 weeks |
| Quercetin | Modulates ROS levels and has been shown effective against long COVID | Oral | 500-1000 mg/day | Morning | 1-2 times/day | 4-12 weeks |
| Essential Nutrients for Mitochondrial Function | ||||||
| Magnesium | Essential for over 300 biochemical reactions including ATP synthesis; deficiency impairs mitochondrial function | Oral | 400-800 mg/day | With meals | 1-2 times/day | Ongoing |
| Vitamin E (Alpha Tocopherol) | Antioxidant with high tolerability for mitochondrial diseases | Oral | 400-800 IU/day | With meals | 1 time/day | 4-12 weeks |
| B-Vitamin Complex | B3, B6, B12, and folic acid are critical cofactors in enzymatic reactions for energy production and DNA repair | Oral | Varies by vitamin | Morning | 1 time/day | Ongoing |
| L-Arginine | Substrate for nitric oxide synthase; used to treat metabolic stroke in mitochondrial disease | Oral | 3-6 g/day | Before meals | 2-3 times/day | Long-term |
| L-Citrulline | Precursor to L-arginine leading to greater nitric oxide synthesis | Oral | 3-6 g/day | Before meals | 1-2 times/day | 4-12 weeks |
| Taurine | High-dose taurine reduces frequency of metabolic strokes in MELAS; FDA-approved in Japan | Oral | 6-12 g/day | With meals | 2-3 times/day | Long-term |
| Pyruvate | Rebalances NADH/NAD+ levels with demonstrated short-term clinical benefit | Oral | 3-5 g/day | Before exercise | 1-2 times/day | 4-8 weeks |
| Advanced Biohacking Compounds | ||||||
| MOTS-C | 16-amino acid mitochondrial-derived peptide that enhances glucose metabolism, promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and fusion, activates AMPK pathway | Injection | 5-15 mg/kg/day | Before exercise | Daily | 2-4 weeks |
| SS-31 (Elamipretide) | Directly targets and protects the inner mitochondrial membrane by binding to 12 key proteins involved in energy production | Injection | 5-10 mg/day | Before exercise | 1 time/day | 4-12 weeks |
| BPC-157 | Supports mitochondrial biogenesis and helps repair damaged mitochondria | Injection | 200-500 mcg/day | Before exercise | 1 time/day | 4-12 weeks |
| Urolithin A | Stimulates mitophagy (removal of damaged mitochondria) and shows improved muscle function with greater ATP output | Oral | 500 mg/day | Morning | 1 time/day | 4-12 weeks |
| Calcium Alpha-Ketoglutarate (Ca-AKG) | Activates SIRT3-dependent deacetylation and enhances Krebs cycle functioning | Oral | 1-3 g/day | Morning | 1-2 times/day | 4-12 weeks |
| Epicatechin | Enhances fatigue resistance and oxidative capacity | Oral | 50-100 mg/day | Morning | 1 time/day | 4-12 weeks |
| Mitochondria-Derived Peptides (MDPs) | ||||||
| Humanin (HN) | First identified MDP with antioxidant, antiapoptotic and cytoprotective properties; significant for cardiovascular health | Injection | Research dosing varies | N/A | N/A | Research protocols |
| SHLP1-6 | Six short humanin-like peptides with mitochondrial protective effects | Injection | Research dosing varies | N/A | N/A | Research protocols |
| SHMOOSE | Recently discovered MDP, functions still being researched | Injection | Research dosing varies | N/A | N/A | Research protocols |
| Specialized Research Chemicals | ||||||
| SRT1720, SRT1460, SRT2183, SRT2104 | Synthetic compounds designed to activate SIRT1 and promote mitochondrial biogenesis | Oral | Research dosing varies | N/A | N/A | Research protocols |
| U0126 and Trametinib | Inhibit negative regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis | Oral | Research dosing varies | N/A | N/A | Research protocols |
| Sodium Nitroprusside, SNAP, DEA-NONOate | NO donors that increase cGMP and stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis | Injection | Research dosing varies | N/A | N/A | Research protocols |
| Sildenafil, Tadalafil, Vardenafil | PDE inhibitors that increase cGMP levels | Oral | 25-100 mg/day | As needed | 1 time/day | As needed |
| MIT-001 | Enhances mitochondrial function in mesenchymal stem cells, reduces ROS | Research | Research dosing | N/A | N/A | Research protocols |
| Acacetin | Natural flavone that enhances mitophagy and preserves mitochondrial function | Oral | Research dosing | N/A | N/A | Research protocols |
| Traditional and Natural Enhancers | ||||||
| Rhodiola Rosea | Improves ATP production and resilience to stress | Oral | 200-400 mg/day | Morning | 1-2 times/day | 4-12 weeks |
| Cordyceps Mushrooms | Boost ATP levels and enhance oxygen uptake | Oral | 1-3 g/day | Morning | 1-2 times/day | 4-12 weeks |
| Ginseng (Panax) | Enhances ATP production and mitochondrial function | Oral | 200-400 mg/day | Morning | 1-2 times/day | 4-12 weeks |
| Gotu Kola | Traditional Ayurvedic herb for mitochondrial support | Oral | 200-400 mg/day | Morning | 1-2 times/day | 4-12 weeks |
| Matcha/EGCG | Rich in antioxidants that protect mitochondria | Oral | 200-400 mg/day | Morning | 1-2 times/day | 4-12 weeks |
| N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) | Reduces oxidative damage to mitochondria | Oral | 600-1200 mg/day | Morning | 1-2 times/day | 4-12 weeks |
| Malic Acid | Key intermediate in the Krebs cycle that increases NAD+ availability | Oral | 500-1000 mg/day | Morning | 1-2 times/day | 4-12 weeks |
| Succinic Acid | Another Krebs cycle intermediate | Oral | 500-1000 mg/day | Morning | 1-2 times/day | 4-12 weeks |
| Spermidine | Natural polyamine that enhances cardiac mitochondrial autophagy and respiration | Oral | 1-10 mg/day | Morning | 1 time/day | 4-12 weeks |
| Melatonin | Decreases Mst1 expression, increases autophagy, enhances mitochondrial membrane potential | Oral | 3-10 mg/day | Evening | 1 time/day | 4-12 weeks |
| Trehalose | Promotes mitochondrial mass and mitophagy through TFEB activation | Oral | 3-5 g/day | Morning | 1 time/day | 4-12 weeks |
| Specialized Natural Compounds | ||||||
| Corosolic Acid | Reduces mitochondrial fission and mtROS through AMPK and DRP1 modulation | Oral | 10-20 mg/day | Morning | 1 time/day | 4-12 weeks |
| Astragaloside IV | Reduces mtROS, promotes mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis via PGC-1α | Oral | 50-100 mg/day | Morning | 1 time/day | 4-12 weeks |
| Diallyl Trisulfide | Reduces mitochondrial fission and mtROS through ROCK1/DRP1 pathway | Oral | 100-200 mg/day | With meals | 1 time/day | 4-12 weeks |
| Gastrodin | Reverses dysregulation of mitochondrial fusion/fission mediators | Oral | 100-300 mg/day | Morning | 1-2 times/day | 4-12 weeks |
| Xanthohumol | Upregulates MFN2 to promote mitochondrial fusion | Oral | 24-48 mg/day | Morning | 1 time/day | 4-12 weeks |
| Liquiritigenin | Regulates mitochondrial dynamics and prevents Aβ-induced neurotoxicity | Oral | 20-40 mg/day | Morning | 1 time/day | 4-12 weeks |
| Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins | Modulates mitochondrial dynamics through fusion/fission mediators | Oral | 100-300 mg/day | Morning | 1 time/day | 4-12 weeks |
| Lycium Barbarum Polysaccharide | Goji berry extract that regulates mitochondrial dynamics | Oral | 300-600 mg/day | Morning | 1 time/day | 4-12 weeks |
| Emerging Therapeutics | ||||||
| Sonlicromanol (KH176) | Blood-brain barrier permeable ROS-redox modulator | Oral | 100-200 mg/day | Morning | 1-2 times/day | 4-12 weeks |
| EPI-743 | Novel para-benzoquinone compound 1000-10,000 times more potent than CoQ10 | Oral | 100-200 mg/day | Morning | 1-2 times/day | 4-12 weeks |
| Omaveloxolone (RTA-408) | FDA-approved synthetic triterpenoid for Friedreich's ataxia | Oral | 150-300 mg/day | Morning | 1-2 times/day | 4-12 weeks |
| Bezafibrate | Pharmacological ligand for PGC-1α | Oral | 200-400 mg/day | Morning | 1-2 times/day | 4-12 weeks |
| Metformin | Activates AMPK and inhibits complex I of the respiratory chain | Oral | 500-2000 mg/day | With meals | 1-2 times/day | Long-term |
| Leucine | Amino acid that increases mitochondrial mass by 30-53% in muscle and fat cells | Oral | 2.5-5 g/day | Post-workout | 1-2 times/day | 4-12 weeks |
| Non-Supplement Approaches | ||||||
| Heat Therapy/Sauna | Increases mitochondrial number and function without exercise | Therapy | 15-30 minutes at 80-100°C | Post-workout or evening | 3-7 times/week | Ongoing |
| Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) | Increases mitochondrial biogenesis and ATP formation | Therapy | 1.5-2.0 ATA for 60-90 minutes | Any time | 3-5 times/week | 4-12 weeks |
| PEMF Therapy | Uses electromagnetic fields to enhance ATP production | Therapy | 8-30 minutes sessions | Any time | Daily | 4-12 weeks |
| VO2 Max Training | Triggers mitochondrial biogenesis through AMPK activation | Exercise | High-intensity intervals | Morning or afternoon | 3-4 times/week | Ongoing |